Review

1. Taxonomy & Systematics
   • Taxonomy predates DNA
   • Biological species concept vs. hybridization concept
     • Hybrid swarm
       • Penstemon clevelandii ← P. spectabilis + P. centranthifolius
     • Oaks (Quercus)
2. Common & species names
   • Genus specificepithet
3. Biological classification system
   • Eukarya Plantae Anthophyta Eudicots Ranunculales Papaveraceae Eschscholzia californica
4. Phylogenetics & cladistics
5. Plant biodiversity
   • Bryophytes (Non-vascular plants)
   • Lycophytes & ferns (Seedless vascular plants)
   • Gymnosperms (Naked seed plants)
     • Ephedra, coniferophyta, Welwitschia
     • Pollination
   • Angiosperms (Enclosed seed plants)
     • Anthophyta
     • Flowering plant anatomy
     • Pollination

Vegetative Anatomy

• Applicable to seed plants
  • Based on Anthophyta
• Root system
  • Roots
    • Absorption
    • Anchorage
• Shoot system
  • Leaves
    • Blade
      • Photosynthesis
    • Petiole
  • Stems
    • Attachment
    • Development
    • Nodes and internodes
  • Buds
    • Terminal buds vs. axillary buds
      • Apical meristems
      • Axils
      • Lateral meristems

Plant Definitions

• Herbs vs. Woody plants
  • Non-woody plants
  • Trees
    • One main stem, verticality
  • Shrubs
    • Many small stems/branches, laterality
• Deciduous vs. evergreen
  • Deciduous: Leaves replaced simultaneously
    • Winter, ornamental plants
    • Summer, central CA; dry and drought conditions
  • Evergreen: Leaves replaced gradually

Leaf Characteristics

• Leaf attachment
  • Petiolate
    • Possesses a petiole
  • Sessile
    • Does not possess a petiole; attaches directly to stem
    • Trillium
  • Decurrent leaf base
    • Needle-like, with a larger attachment “fused” to the stem
    • Pg. 18
• Leaf shapes
  • Scale-like
  • Awl-like
    • Shorter than a needle
    • Elongate and curved
    • Sequoiadendron giganteum, coast redwood
  • Needle-like/Linear
    • Jepson: Linear
    • Pines, coast redwood
  • “Normal”/Flat blade
• Leaf arrangement
  • Alternate
  • Opposite
  • Whorled
    • Gallium
  • Fascicled
    • Pines, bundled; only in pines in CA
    • Bunches of needles with wrapping/bundling at attachment
      • Bracts
  • Telling from pattern of branching works in addition to pattern of leaves
• Leaf division
  • Simple leaf
  • Compound leaf
    • Pinnate leaf
      • Rachis
      • Bipinnate subdivisions (Intermediately compound leaves)
    • Palmate leaf
• Leaf margins
  • Entire
    • No teeth or lobes
  • Lobation
    • Deep margins
  • Toothed
    • Sharp, jagged margins
  • Typically studied in simple leaves

Coniferophyta

• Seed plants, Gymnosperms
• Cone-bearing plants
  • Other conifers: Coniferophyta (Conifers), Cycadophyta (Cycads), Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta
• Xerophytic conditions
  • Reduced surface area (Needle-like, Scale-like, or Awl-like)
  • Mostly evergreen
    • Thick, waxy cuticles to conserve water
    • Not actually xerophytic adaptation
      • Larch (Deciduous) is in high elevation
• “Male” and “Female” cones
  • Strobili and ovulate cones
  • Strobili are not woody, ovulate cones are woody
• Wind-pollination

Pinaceae (Pine Family)

• Spruce, Hemlock, Pine, Firs
• Identification: Ovulate cones have woody cone scales with bracts that overlap
• Endemic California Pinaceae are evergreen
• Trees or shrubs
• Resinous; “Pine pitch”
  • Constitutive defense, Pinene
• Needle-like (Linear) leaves
  • Leaves attach singly (alternate) or fascicled
    • In CA, only pine genus is fascicled; all other genera are alternate
• Monoecious
• Bracts are fused below cone scale; small

Pinus (True Pines)

• Trees
• Fascicled needle leaves
  • 2 to 5 needles per most fascicles
  • Papery bracts surround fascicled leaves
• Mostly open seed cone release
  • Some are pyrophytic (closed-cone)
• Evergreen

Abies (Firs)

• Trees
• Alternate needle leaves
• Upright cones positioned on branches
  • Fall apart while on the tree
• Needles leave leaf scar after abscission
  • Flat, round; not felt when running hands over bark
• Evergreen

Tsuga (Hemlock)

• Trees
• Only two species endemic to California
  • Mountain Hemlock
• Drooping branches
  • Nodding leader: The topmost branch of a hemlock
• Delicate cones; floral shape
• Persistent leaf base
• Leaves have a petiole; narrows out into petiole shape at end of life
• Evergreen

Pseudotsuga (Douglas Firs)

• “False Hemlock”
• Native to CA + Western North America, China, Japan, Taiwan
• Cones have exserted three-prong bracts
  • Bracts stick out of the cone
  • “Tail and two legs” myth
• Elongate, pointed buds
• Evergreen

Cupressaceae (Cypress Family)

• Identification: Never overlapped cone scales; Variable cones with peltate cone scales
  • Umbrella shape
  • Fleshy, woody, fleur-de-lys cones
• Evergreen trees and shrubs
• Mostly monoecious; some are dioecious
• Variable leaves
  • Variable leaf shape: Scale-like, awl-like, and needle-like
  • Variable attachment: Alternate, opposite, and whorled
  • Generally Decurrent leaf base

Cupressus

• Not extirpated; renamed to Hesperocyparis
• Western Cypress
• Shrubs and small trees
• Scale-like, opposite, four-ranked leaves
• Twigs are not flattened; smallest branches do not branch planar
• Monoecious
• Peltate cone scales

Juniperus (Junipers)

• Trees or shrubs
• Generally dioecious
• Evergreen
• Variable leaves
  • Scale-like or awl-like leaf shape
  • Attached opposite and four-ranked, or whorled and six-ranked
    • Distinguishing characteristic in genera
    • Ranking causes perpendicular view of rows of more than two/three leaves attached as expected
• Fleshy cones

Calocedrus decurrens

• Calocedrus genus; C. decurrens is the only genus endemic to California
  • “Incense cedar”
• Tree
• Opposite and four-ranked leaves
  • Indistinguishable due to close attachment of rows
• Flattened branches
• Fleur-de-lys cones
  • Three pairs of cone scales
    • Center has two large fused cone scales
    • Sides have two large separate cone scales
    • Base has two small perpendicular cone scales

Sequoia sempervirens

• Coast Redwood
• Single species in Sequoia
• Linear or flattened needles; some leaves are awl-like
  • Awl-like leaves on fast-growing or cone shoots
• Small, woody cones; peltate cone scales
• Thick, fire-resistant bark and basal burls sprouting
• Flood-resistant roots
• Only grows in coastal fog belt

Sequoiadendron giganteum

• Sequoia; “Big Tree”
• Single species in Sequoiadendron
• Trees with no sprouting
• Awl-like and four-ranked leaves; curling
• Larger cones (vs. coast redwood; egg-size) with peltate cone scales
• Pyrophytic seeding
• Fire-resistant bark

Taxaceae (Yew Family)

• Identification: Never cone scales; fleshy droops/arils
• California Nutmeg
• Soft, narrowing tip above a ridge on leaf

Taxus

• Taxus brevifolia

Flowers

• Space inside ovary is a locule; locules correspond to carpels
• Connation vs. adnation
• If 3+ separate pistils present in a flower, each pistil is simpil: made of 1 carpel
  • Otherwise, compound pistils
• Nympheales, Magnoliids,
  • Nympheales: Water Lilies
  • Magnoliids: Calycanthaceae, Magnolias, Lauraceae, Aristolochiaceae

Organ Modifications

• Herbaceous biennials and herbaceous perennials
• Storage roots, bulbs, corms, rhizomes, stolons, tubers
  • Corms are modified stems (circular nodes), bulbs are modified leaves (vertical infolding)
  • Rhizomes are underground modified stems used for reproduction and storage, stolons are aboveground modified stems used for reproduction only
  • Storage roots are modified roots, tubers are underground modified stems

Inflorescence

• A group of flowers; categorical by grouping
  • Solitary inflorescence: One flower per plant
  • Raceme: Indeterminate alternate growth of pedicels and flowers on a singular peduncle
  • Panicle: Branched racemic growth; alt. “racemes with branches”
  • Umbel: Compound growth of flowers; pedicels originate on the same point on the stem
• Indeterminate growth vs. determinate growth

Fruits

• Pericarp: Fruit wall
  • Various layers: exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp
• Simple fruit vs. compound fruits
  • Aggregate compound vs. multiple compound fruits
• Dry fruits are dry on maturity
  • Dehiscent fruits open up to release their seeds
    • Follicle: Simple fruits with one suture line
    • Legume: Simple fruits with two suture lines
    • Capsule: Compound fruits that can open in various ways
      • Loculicidal: Opens along the locules
        • Locules are open spaces
      • Septicidal: Opens along a septum
      • Poricidal: Opens pores
    • Silique and silicle: Capsule-like
      • Silicle: Length of fruit is less than 3 times the value of the width
      • Silique: Length of fruit is more than 3 times the value of the width
  • Indehiscent fruits do not open to release their seeds
    • Achene: Single-seeded fruit derived from a single-chambered ovary
• Fleshy fruits are fleshy on maturity

Brassicaceae

• Mustard Family; formerly Cruciferae
• Eudicots
• Mostly herbaceous; some shrubs
• Leaves: Alternate and mostly simple
  • Cauline and/or basal leaves
    • Cauline: Leaves grow along the stem
    • Basal leaves sometimes are in a rosette: Top-down floral arrangement; short internodes between basal leaves
• Inflorescence: Racemic or racemes with branches
• Flowers: Maltese cross arrangement; radial symmetry (Jepson), bisexual
  • Petals are often clawed: Narrow, elongate “claw” and wider, petal-shape “limb”
• Four sepals, four petals, six stamens
  • Four long stamens, and two outer and shorter
  • *4,4,4+2,2^
• One pistil made from two fused carpels
• Superior ovary
• Silicle and septate fruits
• Connation and adnation is specific to gynoecium

Brassica

• Nine species; naturalized from Eurasia
• Weedy
• Bright yellow flowers
• Sepals are erect to ascending

Raphanus

• Radish/Jointed charlock
• Annuals/biennials
• Variable leaves
  • Lower and basal: petiolate and lobed
  • Proximal decreases
  • Distal and uppermost: sessile and not lobed
• Fl
  • Clawed petals
  • Pink, purple, light/dull yellow
  • Dark veins
• Linear and erect sepals; long and thin
• Silique fruits; indehiscent
• Naturalized; two species
  • R. raphanistrum (Wild radish/jointed charlock; Dull or light yellow flowers and strongly constricted fruits)
  • R. sativus (Radish; Pink, purple, white flowers and non-constricted fruits)
  • Hybrid swarm

Sinapis

• Two species; naturalized from Eurasia
• Weedy
• Bright yellow flowers
• Sepals are spreading to reflexed
  • Spreading: Horizontal
  • Reflexed: Backwards

Liliaceae

• Monocots
• Lily family
  • History of separating out into other families: Themidaceae (Brodiaea), Iridaceae (Iris), Alliaceae (Onion)
• Perennials with bulbs or rhizomes
• Lf position varies
  • Cauline or basal
• Fl radial, bisexual, showy
• *-3+3-,6,3^
• Tepals: Sepals and petals appear similar to one another, both petal-like
  • Showy, often spotted
• Superior ovary with 3 fused carpels
• Fr berries or capsules
• Hypanthium: A floral tube made from connate sepals, petals, and stamens
  • May have an inferior or superior ovary; hypanthium generally refers to a superior ovary, and an inferior ovary when there is a noticeable floral tube above the ovary

Lilium

• Lily
• Tending to grow in CA mountains
• Lf whorled or alternate depending on species
• Tp spotted
• 3-lobed stigmas
• Filament end attaches to center of anther; anther is able to move horizontally or in “seesaw” pattern

Fabaceae

• Legume or Pea family; formerly leguminosae
• Cosmopolitan (Worldwide) growth
• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the roots; mutualistic relationship
• Lv alternate; usually compound and cauline
• Stipules are conspicuous
  • Stipules: Structures at the sides of the base of the petiole
• Ovary superior
• Fr: Legumes
• Various subfamilies

Mimosoideae

• -oideae suffix
• Few native to California
  • Prosopois (Mesquite) and Calliandra (Fairy-Duster)
• Flowers are radial
• Stamens are showy
• Lf twice pinnate (compound)

Papillionoideae

• Many native species
• Typically referred to as “pea flowers”
• Lf typically compound
• Fl bilateral
  • Pea flower structure
  • Five sepals may be free or fused
  • One petal: Large banner
  • Two petals: Smaller wings
  • Two connate petals: Keel
• St 10 total
  • All are fused with filaments; alternatively, 9 are fused and 1 free
• Ov superior and made from 1 carpel

Lupinus

• Lvs palmate
• Racemic inflorescence

Lupinus lupine

• All 10 stamens fused with filaments
  • Five long, five short
  • Cilia hairs

Caesalpinioidaeae

• Fl bilateral to radial
• Sp have varied fusion
• Sexual parts not typically hidden in keel
• Usually 10 stamens

Cercis occidentalis

• Western redbud
• One of two available in U.S.; based on west and east regionality
• Tree; woody branches
  • Heart-shaped leaves
• Stamens are hidden in the keel
• Smaller banner in front of wings; “bunny-ears”
• Flowers before leaves come out
• Heart or kidney-shaped leaves

Iridaceae

• Iris family
• Monocot
• 3 native genera
• Basal, equitant leaves
  • Flattened, lengthwise folding of leaves
  • Two-ranked
  • Grass-like
• Inferior ovary
• Radial
• Hypanthium
• Capsule
• Ovary made from 3 fused carpels

Iris

• Specific structure
  • Three showy sepals
  • Three petals alternate to sepals
    • Stamens between
    • Pairs of petaloid styles
    • Stigma lip of tissue juts from underside of petals

Sisyrinchium

Lamiaceae

• Mint family
• Annuals to shrubs
• Usually aromatic
• Usually square stems
• Opposite leaves
• Bilateral symmetry
• 5 sepals; connate
• 4-5 petals; 2-lipped shape with connation
• 1-2 pairs of epipetalous stamens
  • Exserted
  • May have sterile stamens: Staminodes
• Fruits made of 4 small nutlets
  • Superior ovary
  • Fruit exserts from ovary
• Style comes from the base instead of tip of ovary